Molecular surveys of marine picoeukaryotes have revealed many sequences unrelated to cultured organisms, including those forming the marine stramenopile (MAST)-4 clade. We developed a real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) protocol to determine the abundance of MAST-4 using environmental DNA, and applied it along three marine transects in the Indian Ocean, Drake Passage, and Mediterranean Sea. MAST-4 was detected in all samples except mesopelagic and Antarctic samples, and was more abundant in coastal than offshore waters and at the deep chlorophyll maximum than at the surface.